Religious movements of Jainism and Buddhism


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During the 6th century BC several protest religious movements took place in the history of India. According to Buddhist scriptures, there were 63 protest religious movements across India during this period. Buddhism and Jainism were important among the protestant religious movements in ancient time in India. This time Vedic religion was complex, expensive, and classification of human. In Buddhism and Jainism the path to liberation was simple, there was no class division. So people were more attracted to Buddhism and Jainism in during protest religious movements.

Jainism

Jainism was an important protestant religious movement in ancient time of Indian history. According to Jainism 24 Tirthankaras preached Jainism. According to Jainism those who preached the path(way) and ghat of liberation of human life were called Tirthankaras. According to Jainism, the first Tirthankara was "Rishabha". After this the names of 22 Tirthankaras are not important in history. "Parshwanath" was the 23th Tirthankara. "Parshvanath" was the real originator of Jainism. Parshwanath preached the four principles of non-violence, truth-telling, non-stealing, and non attachment to wealth. These four principles are called "chaturyam" in Jainism. Mahavira was the last Tirthankara of Jainism. Mahavira popularized Jainism among the public. Mahavira preached five policies. Added the new policy "Brahmacharya" to the earlier four policy of Parsvnath. These five policies were collectively called "Pancha Mahavrata".

Jain religion

Jains did not believe in conventional Vedic "Yagya". Was believed in karma ( Work results of man life) and reincarnation. The basic premise of Jainism is Soul and Matter. According to Jains, just as there is a soul in living things, there is also a soul in non-living things. Jains believed that all things in the universe has life. Killing animals was a great sin in Jainism.



Q1. Jain tradition founded by Rishabha and he is the first Tirthankaras of Jainism

Q2. Name was the 23rd Tirthankaras Parshwanath.

Q3. Father name was of Parshwanath Ashvasena, king of Banaras.

Q4. Mahavira was the last and 24th Tirthankaras of Jainism

Jain religion symbol

Each Jain Tirthankara used one symbol. The symbols did not match each other. The symbols were mostly of living creatures. The names and symbols of Tirthankaras are discussed in the table below.


According to Jainism 24 Tirthankaras preached Jainism.


According to Jain tradition there were 24 Tirthankaras. Their name and Jain religion symbol.


SIRIOL NO NAME OF TIRTHANKARAS JAIN SYMBOL
1 Rishabha Bull
2 Ajitnath Elephant
3 Sambharnath Hores
4 Abhiaandam Monkey
5 Sumatinath Curlew
6 Padmaprabhu Red Lotus
7 Suparswanath Swastik
8 Chandraji Prabhu Moon
9 Suvidhinath Crocodile
10 Shitalnath Srivatsa
11 Shreganath Rhinoceros
12 Vasupujya Buffalo
13 Vimalnath Bora
14 Anantnath Falcon
15 Dharmanath Vajra
16 Shantinath Deer
17 Kuntunath He-Goat
18 Arnath Fish
19 Mallinath Waterpot
20 Muniswasth Tortoise
21 Neminath Blue Lotus
22 Arishtanemi Conch Shell
23 Parshwanath Serpent
24 Mahavira Lion

Life of Vardhman Mahavira

Q5. Mahavira was born to the year about in 540 B.C by historians assume.

Q6. He was born in Kundagram of Vaisali. (Present time Kundagram hav Basar village in Muzaffarpur of Bihar)

Q7. His father name was Siddhartha. Siddhartha was King of Jnatrika clan.

Q8. His mother name wasTrishla.

Q9. Yashoda was wife of Mahavira

Q10. One daughter have of Mahavira. The little daughter name was Priyadarsena.

Q11. When Mahavira father was death then left the house for monk at 30 year old.

Q12. At the age of 72, Mahavira was death at Pava, near Patna, in 468 B.C (He attained death by starved)

Go Exm Part

Jains believed that if the "Panchmahavrata" and "Triratna" were observed, the liberation of the living being would be possible. The path to liberation in Jainism is very difficult. Liberation is achieved through severe austerities, self-sacrifice etc. Only monks can attain liberation. Householders cannot get complete liberation. Because householder cannot renunciation completely. So the restrictions of householders in Jainism are somewhat less complicated.

Jain religious initiated disciples was abide by to the principle of non-violence. The disciples did not kill living beings. According to Jainism, Killing creatures created by nature was a great sin. An ant or small insects was did not killed by Jain disciple here. Even throwing stones on the water was not allowed here. Because the Jains believed that water and stone has life. According to Jainism, When water and rock collide, injury will occur of water and rock. It was impossible for the people associated with agriculture to adopt this religion as the killing of small insects was prohibited. Because to do agriculture, small insects, earthworms and other insects have to be killed. Jainism was mostly adopted by the trading people. Because no living being had to be killed by business.

Early Jainism spread over the Gangetic Plain region. Mahavira preached his religion in the region of Magadha, Kosala, Videha, Anga etc. (Excluding the area of "Raarh" of Bengal.) Jainism flourished during the reign of King Chandra Gupta of Magadha. Led by Bhadrabahu, many Jains disciple migrated to South India. (Due to famine). Digambara, a branch of Jainism, was formed under the leadership of Bhadrabahu. The followers of Digambara was in favor of boycotting everything. They don't wear clothes. Some religious people of Jains remained in North India. The group that arose under the leadership of Sthulbhadra in North India was called Shwetambar. Followers of Shwetambar in Jain disciple wear white clothes in body. Shwetambara and Digambara was difference only in wear clothing. but the main principles of religion of Jaina were the same in both communities.


Buddhism

Buddhism is a protestant religious movement in ancient India. Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. Gautama Buddha preached Buddhism in various places in the Ganges Valley of India. During this time many people from the lower classes, kings, merchants, barbers, etc was accepted Buddhism. His message of "Buddhism" to all classes of people can easily mean that he was preaching Buddhism in "Prakrit" language. Buddhism gradually became popular as a religious movement.

Q1. Buddha born in 566 B.C. (approximately) When he was born that the day was Vaishakha Poornima.

Q2. Birth place of Buddha was Lumbini near Kapilavastu in Nepal.

Q3. Buddha's father's name was Suddhodana. He was head(king) of the Kapilvastu. Kapilvastu was republican kingdon.

Q4. Mother's name is Mahamaya of Buddha. Mahamaya was princess of Kosala dynasty.

Q5. When age of Buddha was 7 days then his mother was died.He was brought up by foster mother Gautami.

Q6. Buddha's wife name is Yosohodhara.

Q7. Rahula was son of Buddha's.

Q8. Mahabhinishkramana was this day that day Buddha left his palase in search of truth.

Q9. When 29 year old of Buddha's life then he left his house.

Q10. Alara Kalama was first teacher of Buddha's

Q11. Next teacher was udraka Ramputra.

Q12. The place at Uruvella under pipal tree continuous 49 days he was meditation and he was a fully enlightened. After that he was Buddha or Tathagat.

Q13. Buddha delivered his obtained knowlwdge first time his five companion at sarnath near dear park. This is known as Dharmachakra Pravartana.

Q14. When age of Buddha was 80 year old then he was died in year is aproxmitly 483 B.C. at Kushinagar.

Go Exm Part

Biography of Gautama Buddha in short form

There are differences of opinion among various historians regarding the life span of Gautama Buddha. Some information about his life is available from Sutta Nipata, Jataka, Mahavansh, Deepvansh written in Pali language and also a Lalitavistara written in Sanskrit. As a historical material, the Buddhacharita book written by Ashvaghosha is a very important book. Buddhacarita was written by Asvaghosa many years after Buddha's birth.

Gautama Buddha was born in the Shakya dynasty in the kingdom of Kapilavastu in the foothills of the Himalayas. Gautama Buddha was the son of a "Kshatriya" family. Gautama Buddha was born in "Lumbini" Gardens near "Kapilavastu". Gautama Buddha year of birth is not known exactly. Approximately 566 BC (approximately) is considered to be the year of birth of Gautama Buddha.

Being the son of a king, Gautama Buddha mastered weapons manship, chariot driving, gymnastics (Yoga Bam), and various other disciplines from childhood. He had no greed for the king's power, wealth, luxury, big palace etc. He used to think about how to get rid of the sorrows of life from the dark world. we know from "Lalitavistara" that an old man, a sick people, a dead body and a joyous hermit, Buddhadev's mind changes after seeing these four events. He was very sad after seeing the first three life events. Seeing the fourth number of life event, he decided to leave home. At the age of 29, he left from home late at midnight leaving his son "Rahul". This event is called the Mahaniskraman. He took the vow of monk to know how to get rid of diseases, diseases, death etc. After leaving home, he wandered around in search of liberation of life. At a place called Urubimba near Gaya, he Bodilav by meditating for 30 days under a peepal tree. In this way he realized how to get rid of the misery of diseases-diseases-death. According to name of Lord Buddha this place named Buddhagaya. And the tree is called Bodhibrikha. ("brikha" means tree)

Gautama Buddha first preached his realization knowledge to his five companions. He first preach his realization knowledge at "Mrigadava" near "Varanasi". This event of first evangelism was known as "dharmachakra pravartana" of Buddhism. After that he started preaching Buddhism in various places. After this, Gautama Buddha preached Buddhism for 45 years. He died approximately 486 BC in Kushinagar of Gorakhpur District. When Gautama Buddha was died then he was 80 years old. This death event of Gautama Buddha is called "Mahaparinirvana".

Aryasatya

There is a way for people to get rid of grief, disease,life decay, death etc In Buddhism. There are said four noble truths in Buddhism. These four truths are called Aryasatya in Buddhism. The four truths is....................


  1. human life is sad and suffering.
  2. There are causes of suffering.
  3. The causes of suffering and sorrow must be removed.
  4. According to Buddhism particular way must be followed to get release sad and suffering.
Ashtangika Marga

Gautama Buddha believed that suffering is all-pervading. He told to his disciples this truth. Wherever happiness exists, there is sorrow. Birth is the root cause of pain. Being addicted to aspiration, people become greedy. For this he does wrong. It is foolishness to commit this wrongdoing. According to Buddhist philosophy, true knowledge can save people from suffering. There are eight way(Marg) to be followed to get rid of sorrow. These eight way are called Ashtangika Marga in Buddhism. These eight way are........

  1. Right Belief
  2. Right Thoughts
  3. Right Action
  4. Right Speech
  5. Right Means of Livlihood
  6. Right Exertion
  7. Right Remembrance
  8. Right Meditation
Tripitaka

Gautama Buddha's advice were not recorded during his lifetime. He used to give advice in "Prakrit" language. After the death of Gautama Buddha, his disciples held the first Buddhist conference at Rajagriha, the capital of Magadha. Buddha's sermons were recorded at this conference. This written book is Tripitaka. "Tripitaka" is the sacred book of Buddhism. Tripitaka book is written in "Pali" language. The Tripitaka book is divided into three parts.


  1. Sutta Pitaka
  2. Vinaya Pitaka
  3. Abhidharma Pitaka
The Fourth Buddhist Council

The Fourth Buddhist Council was held during the reign of Kanishka. This Buddhist council was chairman by the great Buddhist scholar "Vasumitra". There were disagreements among the disciples of Buddhism on some ritual and ethical issues.